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Estrogen nasal drops or saturated potassium iodide have been used to induce edema of the eustachian tube opening. Nasal medications containing diluted hydrochloric acid, chlorobutanol, and benzyl alcohol have been reported to be effective in some patients, with few side effects. Food and Drug Administration approval is still pending, however. [12]
The major symptoms of ENS include a sensation of suffocation, nasal dryness, nasal burning, nasal crusting, and an impaired sense of airflow through the nose in patients who have had surgery or injury to nasal turbinates. [13] ENS can greatly reduce a patient's quality of life and many patients struggle to complete activities of daily living.
Nasal obstruction characterized by insufficient airflow through the nose can be a subjective sensation or the result of objective pathology. [10] It is difficult to quantify by subjective complaints or clinical examinations alone, hence both clinicians and researchers depend both on concurrent subjective assessment and on objective measurement of the nasal airway.
Nasal surgery is a specialty including the removal of nasal obstruction that cannot be achieved by medication and nasal reconstruction. Currently, it comprises four approaches, namely rhinoplasty, septoplasty, sinus surgery, and turbinoplasty, targeted at different sections of the nasal cavity in the order of their external to internal positions.
Velopharyngeal insufficiency can be diagnosed by a speech pathologist through a perceptual speech assessment. Speech characteristics of VPI include hypernasality (too much sound in the nasal cavity during speech) and/or audible nasal emission of air during speech. Nasal emission can also cause the consonants to be very weak in intensity and ...
Balloon sinuplasty is a procedure that ear, nose and throat surgeons may use for the treatment of blocked sinuses.Patients diagnosed with sinusitis but not responding to medications may be candidates for sinus surgery.
Treatment of atrophic rhinitis can be either medical or surgical. Medical measures include: Nasal irrigation using normal saline [4] Nasal irrigation and removal of crusts using alkaline nasal solutions. 25% glucose in glycerine can be applied to the nasal mucosa to inhibit the growth of proteolytic organisms which produce foul smell.
Nasal endoscopy and clinical symptoms are also used to make a positive diagnosis. [28] A tissue sample for histology and cultures can also be collected and tested. [68] Nasal endoscopy involves inserting a flexible fiber-optic tube with a light and camera at its tip into the nose to examine the nasal passages and sinuses.