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  2. Pulse-code modulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation

    Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent analog signals. ... In the diagram, a sine wave (red curve) is sampled and quantized for PCM. The ...

  3. Differential pulse-code modulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_pulse-code...

    Differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) is a signal encoder that uses the baseline of pulse-code modulation (PCM) but adds some functionalities based on the prediction of the samples of the signal. The input can be an analog signal or a digital signal .

  4. Delta modulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_modulation

    DM is the simplest form of differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) where the difference between successive samples is encoded into n-bit data streams. In delta modulation, the transmitted data are reduced to a 1-bit data stream representing either up (↗) or down (↘). Its main features are:

  5. Non-return-to-zero - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-return-to-zero

    The binary signal is encoded using rectangular pulse-amplitude modulation with polar NRZ(L), or polar non-return-to-zero-level code. In telecommunications, a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) line code is a binary code in which ones are represented by one significant condition, usually a positive voltage, while zeros are represented by some other significant condition, usually a negative voltage, with ...

  6. Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_differential...

    Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM) is a variant of differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) that varies the size of the quantization step, to allow further reduction of the required data bandwidth for a given signal-to-noise ratio.

  7. Sub-band coding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-band_coding

    Sub-band coding is used in the G.722 codec which uses sub-band adaptive differential pulse code modulation (SB-ADPCM) within a bit rate of 64 kbit/s. In the SB-ADPCM technique, the frequency band is split into two sub-bands (higher and lower) and the signals in each sub-band are encoded using ADPCM.

  8. Pulse code cab signaling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_code_cab_signaling

    Pulse code cab signaling is a form of cab signaling technology developed in the United States by the Union Switch and Signal corporation for the Pennsylvania Railroad in the 1920s. The 4-aspect system widely adopted by the PRR and its successor railroads has become the dominant railroad cab signaling system in North America with versions of the ...

  9. Quantization (signal processing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(signal...

    In the above formulation, if the bit rate constraint is neglected by setting equal to 0, or equivalently if it is assumed that a fixed-length code (FLC) will be used to represent the quantized data instead of a variable-length code (or some other entropy coding technology such as arithmetic coding that is better than an FLC in the rate ...