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population ecology, study of the processes that affect the distribution and abundance of animal and plant populations. A population is a subset of individuals of one species that occupies a particular geographic area and, in sexually reproducing species, interbreeds.
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat. As populations of species interact with one another, they form biological communities.
Populations from different parts of the geographic range that a species inhabits may exhibit marked variations in their life histories. The patterns of demographic variation seen within and among populations are referred to as the structure of populations.
Population ecology - Logistic Growth, Carrying Capacity, Density-Dependent Factors: The geometric or exponential growth of all populations is eventually curtailed by food availability, competition for other resources, predation, disease, or some other ecological factor.
Exponential population growth can be determined by dividing the change in population size (ΔN) by the time interval (Δt) for a certain population size (N): The growth curve of these populations is smooth and becomes increasingly steeper over time.
Population ecology - Interactions, Growth, Dynamics: Community-level interactions are made up of the combined interactions between species within the biological community where the species coexist. The effects of one species upon another that derive from these interactions may take one of three forms: positive (+), negative (–), and neutral (0).
Population growth, in population ecology, a change in the number of members of a certain plant or animal species in a particular location during a particular time period. Factors affecting population growth include fertility, mortality, and, in animals, migration—i.e., immigration to or emigration.
Ecology, study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. Some of the most pressing problems in human affairs—expanding populations, food scarcities, environmental pollution including global warming, extinctions of plant and animal species, and all the attendant sociological and.
Human ecology views the biological, environmental, demographic, and technical conditions of the life of any people as an interrelated series of determinants of form and function in human cultures and social systems.
Population, in human biology, the whole number of inhabitants occupying an area (such as a country or the world) and continually being modified by increases (births and immigrations) and losses (deaths and emigrations).