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In the process of encoding, the sender (i.e. encoder) uses verbal (e.g. words, signs, images, video) and non-verbal (e.g. body language, hand gestures, face expressions) symbols for which he or she believes the receiver (that is, the decoder) will understand. The symbols can be words and numbers, images, face expressions, signals and/or actions.
Some models of animal communication are similar to models of human communication in that they understand the process as an exchange of information. This exchange helps the communicators to reduce uncertainty and to act in a way that is beneficial to them. [52] A further approach is discussed in the manipulative model of animal communication.
[2] [5] [20] Communication is an endless process in the sense that people constantly decode and interpret their environment to assign meaning to it and encode possible responses to it. [ 5 ] [ 20 ] Models without a feedback loop, like the Shannon–Weaver model and Lasswell's model , are called linear transmission models.
But there are also many non-verbal communication skills, like the encoding skills of drawing and gesturing. [8] [36] Berlo sees thought or reasoning as an additional communication skill relevant both to encoding and decoding. [37] The communication skills required for successful communication are different for source and receiver.
A model of communication is a simplified presentation that aims to give a basic explanation of the process by highlighting its most fundamental characteristics and components. [ 16 ] [ 8 ] [ 17 ] For example, James Watson and Anne Hill see Lasswell's model as a mere questioning device and not as a full model of communication. [ 10 ]
Related: 13 Best Phrases to End a Meeting, Plus the #1 Way You *Don't* Want to Close It Out, According to Psychologists 7 Phrases To Keep a Conversation Going, According to a Communication Expert 1.
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Intrapersonal communication is a special form of communication since it does not involve a second person. In certain respects, it is similar to other forms of communication: the person decodes internal and external stimuli in trying to make sense of themselves and the world around them and then encodes neuro-muscular reactions in response.