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In digital modulation, minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying that was developed in the late 1950s by Collins Radio employees Melvin L. Doelz and Earl T. Heald. [1] Similar to OQPSK, MSK is encoded with bits alternating between quadrature components, with the Q component delayed by half the symbol period.
For basic data rate Bluetooth the minimum deviation is 115 kHz. A GFSK modulator differs from a simple frequency-shift keying modulator in that before the baseband waveform (with levels −1 and +1) goes into the FSK modulator, it passed through a Gaussian filter to make the transitions smoother
In addition to Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), EDGE uses higher-order PSK/8 phase-shift keying (8PSK) for the upper five of its nine modulation and coding schemes. EDGE produces a 3-bit word for every change in carrier phase.
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Bluetooth 1 modulates with Gaussian minimum-shift keying, a binary scheme, so either modulation choice in version 2 will yield a higher data rate. A similar technology, IEEE 802.15.4 (the wireless standard used by Zigbee ) also relies on PSK using two frequency bands: 868 MHz and 915 MHz with BPSK and at 2.4 GHz with OQPSK.
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Notable variants of CPM include minimum shift keying (MSK) and Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK), which uses a Gaussian filter to smooth out phase shifts. [7] [8] Since the underwater environment is highly scattered, it can cause multipath propagation and signal degradation.
The shift is taking place under the watch of Dr. Andrew Kolodny, who took over as Phoenix House’s chief medical officer a little more than a year ago. From 2003 to 2006, Kolodny worked for New York City’s health department, during which time he sought to increase access to buprenorphine as a way to reduce overdose deaths.