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Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. [1] [2] The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency.Potency is also described as the gene activation potential within a cell, which like a continuum, begins with totipotency to designate a cell with the most differentiation potential, pluripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, and finally ...
In mammals, a few cells of the early embryo are induced by signals of neighboring cells to become primordial germ cells. Mammalian eggs are somewhat symmetrical and after the first divisions of the fertilized egg, the produced cells are all totipotent. This means that they can differentiate in any cell type in the body and thus germ cells.
Among dividing cells, there are multiple levels of cell potency, which is the cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. A greater potency indicates a larger number of cell types that can be derived. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent.
Only cells from an earlier stage of the embryo, known as the morula, are totipotent, able to become all tissues in the body and the extraembryonic placenta. Human embryonic stem cells A: Stem cell colonies that are not yet differentiated. B: Nerve cells, an example of a cell type after differentiation.
The zygote is the earliest developmental stage. In humans and most other anisogamous organisms, a zygote is formed when an egg cell and sperm cell come together to create a new unique organism. The formation of a totipotent zygote with the potential to produce a whole organism depends on epigenetic reprogramming.
Muse cells (Multi-lineage differentiating stress enduring cell) are non-cancerous pluripotent stem cell found in adults. [83] [84] They were discovered in 2010 by Mari Dezawa and her research group. [83] Muse cells reside in the connective tissue of nearly every organ including the umbilical cord, bone marrow and peripheral blood.
For example, an excess of auxin will often result in a proliferation of roots, while an excess of cytokinin may yield shoots. A balance of both auxin and cytokinin will often produce an unorganised growth of cells, or callus , but the morphology of the outgrowth will depend on the plant species as well as the medium composition.
Cells are able to be of the same genotype but of different cell type due to the differential expression of the genes they contain. Most distinct cell types arise from a single totipotent cell, called a zygote, that differentiates into hundreds of different cell types during the course of development.