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The imaginary unit or unit imaginary number (i) is a mathematical constant that is a solution to the quadratic equation x 2 + 1 = 0. Although there is no real number with this property, i can be used to extend the real numbers to what are called complex numbers, using addition and multiplication. A simple example of the use of i in a complex ...
For solving the cubic equation x 3 + m 2 x = n where n > 0, Omar Khayyám constructed the parabola y = x 2 /m, the circle that has as a diameter the line segment [0, n/m 2] on the positive x-axis, and a vertical line through the point where the circle and the parabola intersect above the x-axis.
n 4 = n × n × n × n. Fourth powers are also formed by multiplying a number by its cube. Furthermore, they are squares of squares. Some people refer to n 4 as n tesseracted, hypercubed, zenzizenzic, biquadrate or supercubed instead of “to the power of 4”. The sequence of fourth powers of integers, known as biquadrates or tesseractic ...
A solution in radicals or algebraic solution is an expression of a solution of a polynomial equation that is algebraic, that is, relies only on addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to integer powers, and extraction of n th roots (square roots, cube roots, etc.). A well-known example is the quadratic formula
The cube of a number n is denoted n 3, using a superscript 3, [a] for example 2 3 = 8. The cube operation can also be defined for any other mathematical expression, for example (x + 1) 3. The cube is also the number multiplied by its square: n 3 = n × n 2 = n × n × n. The cube function is the function x ↦ x 3 (often denoted y = x 3) that
Analogously, the inverses of tetration are often called the super-root, and the super-logarithm (In fact, all hyperoperations greater than or equal to 3 have analogous inverses); e.g., in the function =, the two inverses are the cube super-root of y and the super-logarithm base y of x.
An n-ary operation ω on a set X is a function ω: X n → X. The set X n is called the domain of the operation, the output set is called the codomain of the operation, and the fixed non-negative integer n (the number of operands) is called the arity of the operation. Thus a unary operation has arity one, and a binary operation has arity two.
In plain text and programming languages, a slash (also called a solidus) is used, e.g. 3 / (x + 1). Exponents are usually formatted using superscripts, as in x 2 . In plain text , the TeX mark-up language, and some programming languages such as MATLAB and Julia , the caret symbol, ^, represents exponents, so x 2 is written as x ^ 2.