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The primary role of yeast is to convert the sugars present (namely glucose) in the grape must into alcohol.The yeast accomplishes this by utilizing glucose through a series of metabolic pathways that, in the presence of oxygen, produces not only large amounts of energy for the cell but also many different intermediates that the cell needs to function.
The use of active dry yeasts reduces the variety of strains that appear in spontaneous fermentation by outcompeting those strains that are naturally present. [9] The addition of cultured yeast normally occurs with the yeast first in a dried or "inactive" state and is reactivated in warm water or diluted grape juice prior to being added to the must.
Za'atar is traditionally dried in the sun and mixed with salt, sesame seeds and sumac. [35] It is commonly eaten with pita, which is dipped in olive oil and then za'atar. [35] When the dried herb is moistened with olive oil, the spread is known as za'atar-wu-zayt or zeit ou za'atar (zeit or zayt, meaning "oil" in Arabic and "olive" in Hebrew). [18]
Thyme is a common component of the bouquet garni, and of herbes de Provence. [9] Thyme is sold both fresh and dried. While summer-seasonal, fresh greenhouse thyme is often available year-round. The fresh form is more flavourful but also less convenient; storage life is rarely more than a week.
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Yeast need a reliable source of nitrogen in forms that they can assimilate in order to successfully complete fermentation. Yeast assimilable nitrogen or YAN is the combination of free amino nitrogen (FAN), ammonia (NH 3) and ammonium (NH 4 +) that is available for a yeast, e.g. the wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to use during fermentation.
During fermentation, yeast cells convert the sugar in the grape must into ethanol. When the sugar food source for the yeast and necessary nutrients such as nitrogen run out, or the alcohol level of the wine reaches such a point to where it is toxic for the yeast, the cells die and sink to the bottom of the fermentation vessel.