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User Account Control (UAC) is a mandatory access control enforcement feature introduced with Microsoft's Windows Vista [1] and Windows Server 2008 operating systems, with a more relaxed [2] version also present in Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 8, Windows Server 2012, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows 10, and Windows 11.
A number of computer operating systems employ security features to help prevent malicious software from gaining sufficient privileges to compromise the computer system. . Operating systems lacking such features, such as DOS, Windows implementations prior to Windows NT (and its descendants), CP/M-80, and all Mac operating systems prior to Mac OS X, had only one category of user who was allowed ...
Privilege escalation is the act of exploiting a bug, a design flaw, or a configuration oversight in an operating system or software application to gain elevated access to resources that are normally protected from an application or user.
Distinguishing between privileged and non-privileged access for users with elevated permissions. Constraining the count of users possessing privileged rights. Restricting privileged rights solely to in-house staff. Mandating Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) for accessing privileged accounts. [11]
In Windows NT and later systems derived from it (such as Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, and Windows Vista/7/8/10/11), there must be at least one administrator account (Windows XP and earlier) or one able to elevate privileges to superuser (Windows Vista/7/8/10/11 via User Account Control). [12]
The DOS-based Windows ME, Windows 98, Windows 95 and previous versions of non-NT Windows only operated on the FAT filesystem, did not support filesystem permissions [4] and therefore privileges are effectively defeated on Windows NT-based systems that do not use the NTFS file system.
Mandatory Integrity Control is defined using a new access control entry (ACE) type to represent the object's IL in its security descriptor.In Windows, Access Control Lists (ACLs) are used to grant access rights (read, write, and execute permissions) and privileges to users or groups.
In computer terms, supervisor mode is a hardware-mediated flag that can be changed by code running in system-level software. System-level tasks or threads may [a] have this flag set while they are running, whereas user-level applications will not.