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BACM symptoms that follow are most frequently calf pain, gait complaints, and inability to walk. [2] The condition is self-limited and full restitution can be expected. In very rare cases, however, rhabdomyolysis may develop. [1] Affected are preschool and school-age children with a male predominance. [2]
The gastrocnemius muscle is prone to spasms, which are painful, involuntary contractions of the muscle that may last several minutes. [5] A severe ankle dorsiflexion force may result in a Medial Gastrocnemius Strain (MGS) injury of the muscle, commonly referred to as a "torn" or "strained" calf muscle, which is acutely painful and disabling. [6]
Agreed-upon risk factors include: obesity; hypertension; diabetes; previous injuries; joint disorders; prior disorders; and steroid use. [1]There have been many proposals for the cause, however the most common one is repetitive microtraumas leading to failure.
Often there are no symptoms. [2] If symptoms do occur these may include swelling and pain behind the knee, or knee stiffness. [1] If the cyst breaks open, pain may significantly increase with swelling of the calf. [1] Rarely complications such as deep vein thrombosis, peripheral neuropathy, ischemia, or compartment syndrome may occur. [2] [3]
Symptoms include the sudden onset of sharp pain in the heel. [18] A snapping sound may be heard as the tendon breaks and walking becomes difficult. [27] Rupture typically occurs as a result of a sudden bending up of the foot when the calf muscle is engaged, direct trauma, or long-standing tendonitis.
Delandistrogene moxeparvovec (Elevidys) is a gene therapy that in June 2023 received United States FDA accelerated approval for treatment of four and five-year-old children. [55] [56] In October 2023, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Vamorolone (Agamree) as a Treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
The next step of identifying the POL femoral attachment is done by locating the gastrocnemius tubercle (2.6 mm distal and 3.1 mm anterior to the medial gastrocnemius tendon attachment on the femur). If the posteromedial capsule is not intact, the POL attachment site is located 7.7 mm distal and 2.9 mm anterior to the gastrocnemius tubercle.
Examples include a severe crush injury or an open or closed fracture of an extremity [27]. Rarely, ACS can develop after a minor injury or another medical issue. [28] It can also affect the thigh, buttock, hand, abdomen, and foot. [19] [14] The most common cause of acute compartment syndrome is a fractured bone, usually the tibia.