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Distances Between Ports (PUB 151) is a publication that lists the distances between major ports. Reciprocal distances between two ports may differ due to the different routes of currents and climatic conditions chosen.
The distance along the great circle will then be s 12 = Rσ 12, where R is the assumed radius of the Earth and σ 12 is expressed in radians. Using the mean Earth radius , R = R 1 ≈ 6,371 km (3,959 mi) yields results for the distance s 12 which are within 1% of the geodesic length for the WGS84 ellipsoid; see Geodesics on an ellipsoid for ...
A diagram illustrating great-circle distance (drawn in red) between two points on a sphere, P and Q. Two antipodal points, u and v are also shown. The great-circle distance, orthodromic distance, or spherical distance is the distance between two points on a sphere, measured along the great-circle arc between them. This arc is the shortest path ...
Navigation that follows the shortest distance between two points, i.e., that which follows a great circle. Such routes yield the shortest distance between two points on the globe. [16] To calculate the bearing and distance between two points it is necessary to solve a spherical triangle whose vertices are the origin, the destination, and the ...
Time on a ship's clocks and in a ship's log had to be stated along with a "zone description", which was the number of hours to be added to zone time to obtain GMT, hence zero in the Greenwich time zone, with negative numbers from −1 to −12 for time zones to the east and positive numbers from +1 to +12 to the west (hours, minutes, and ...
In theory, ships are supposed to adopt the standard time of a country if they are within its territorial waters within 12 nautical miles (14 mi; 22 km) of land, then revert to international time zones (15° wide pole-to-pole gores) as soon as they leave. In practice, ships use these time zones only for radio communication and similar purposes.
The clock would be set to the local time of a starting point whose longitude was known, and the longitude of any other place could be determined by comparing its local time with the clock time: [54] there is a four-minute difference between locally observed noon and clock noon for each degree of longitude east or west of the initial meridian.
Nocturnal used to determine apparent local time by viewing the Polaris and its surrounding stars. Ring dial or astronomical ring used to measure the height of a celestial body above the horizon. It could be used to find the altitude of the Sun or determine local time. It let sunlight shine through a small orifice on the rim of the instrument.
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