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A water turbine is a rotary machine that converts kinetic energy and potential energy of water into mechanical work. Water turbines were developed in the 19th century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids .
The specific speed parameter is independent of a particular turbine's size. Compared to other turbine designs, the relatively low specific speed of the Pelton wheel implies that the geometry is inherently a "low gear" design. Thus it is most suitable to being fed by a hydro source with a low ratio of flow to pressure (meaning relatively low ...
With a split runner and turbine chamber, the turbine maintains its efficiency while the flow and load vary from 1/6 to the maximum. Since it has a low price, and good regulation, cross-flow turbines are mostly used in mini and micro hydropower units of less than one thousand kW and with heads less than 200 m (660 ft).
The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine. It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today, and can achieve over 95% efficiency. [1] The process of arriving at the modern Francis runner design took from 1848 to approximately 1920. [1]
A Bonneville Dam Kaplan turbine after 61 years of service. The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine which has adjustable blades. It was developed in 1913 by Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan, [1] who combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level.
Turgo turbine and generator At Milford Sound, New Zealand. The Turgo turbine is an impulse water turbine designed for medium head applications. Operational Turgo turbines achieve efficiencies of about 87%. In factory and lab tests Turgo turbines perform with efficiencies of up to 90%. It works with net heads between 15 and 300 m. [1]
Marketed as part of a hydropower system that extracts power from the flow of water, the turbine is mounted below a raft, driving a power system, typically a lift irrigation pump or generator, on top of the raft by belt or gear. [2] [3] [4] The turbine is towed into the middle of a river or stream, where the flow is the fastest, and tied off to ...
A screw turbine at a small hydro power plant in Goryn, Poland. The Archimedean screw is an ancient invention, attributed to Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC.), and commonly used to raise water from a watercourse for irrigation purposes.