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The alternative to a commodity money system is fiat money which is defined by a central bank and government law as legal tender even if it has no intrinsic value. Originally fiat money was paper currency or base metal coinage, but in modern economies it mainly exists as data such as bank balances and records of credit or debit card purchases, [3] and the fraction that exists as notes and coins ...
An extreme version of single-tier banking system is the monobank system (a term coined by economist George Garvy [1]: 869 ) in which a single institution centralizes all financial intermediation. The alternative to a single-tier system is a two-tier banking system , in which the central bank is singled out and entrusted with monetary policy ...
In other words, financial systems can be known wherever there exists the exchange of a financial medium (money) while there is a reallocation of funds into needy areas (financial markets, business firms, banks) to utilize the potential of ideal money and place it in use to get benefits out of it. This whole mechanism is known as a financial system.
A currency refers to money in any form when in actual use or circulation as a medium of exchange, especially circulating banknotes and coins. [1] [2] A more general definition is that a currency is a system of money (monetary units) in common use, especially in a nation. [3]
Economists employ different ways to measure the stock of money or money supply, reflected in different types of monetary aggregates, using a categorization system that focuses on the liquidity of the financial instrument used as money. The most commonly used monetary aggregates (or types of money) are conventionally designated M1, M2, and M3.
The earliest known records of pre-coinage use of precious metals for monetary exchange are from Mesopotamia and Egypt, dating from the third millennium BC. [2] Early money took many forms, apart from bullion; for instance bronze spade money which became common in Zhou dynasty China in the late 7th century BC.
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An ACH is considered a net settlement system, which means settlement may be delayed. This poses what is known as settlement risk. Real-time gross settlement systems (RTGS) are funds transfer systems where the transfer of money or securities takes place from one bank to another on a "real-time" and on "gross" basis. Settlement in "real time ...