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It guides international development practitioners in the process of conducting resilience assessments. It is used as a survey-based tool in program evaluation to measure impact as well as to monitor active projects for purposes of adaptive management. [2] The MSRI incorporates resilience measurement of both market system actors and households.
The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) was developed by Kathryn M. Connor and Jonathan R.T. Davidson as a means of assessing resilience. [1] The CD-RISC is based on Connor and Davidson's operational definition of resilience, which is the ability to "thrive in the face of adversity." Since its development in 2003, the CD-RISC has been ...
However, Venezuela's rail project is being put on hold due to Venezuela not being able to pay the $7.5 billion and owing China Railway nearly $500 million. [ 182 ] Lufthansa said it would stop all flights to Venezuela on 18 June 2016, citing difficulties with currency controls. [ 183 ]
[285] [286] Venezuela's bond ratings have also decreased multiple times in 2013 due to decisions by the president Nicolás Maduro. [287] In 2016, consumer prices in Venezuela increased 800% and the economy declined by 18.6%, entering an economic depression. [288] [289] Venezuela's outlook was deemed negative by most bond-rating services in 2017.
In 2018, Venezuela's debt grew to US$156 billion [310] and as of March 2019, its reserves had dropped to US$8 billion. [311] With the exception of PDVSA's 2020 bonds, [312] as of January 2019, all of Venezuela's bonds are in default, [313] and Venezuela's government and state-owned companies owe nearly US$8 billion in unpaid interest and ...
World Bank List of countries by GDP (nominal) ranked 30th biggest economy in the world (this citation should be reviewed, Venezuela has a blank entry in cited document, nor is the document from 2015). [2]
Venezuela's economy is highly dependent on oil production and exportation. [2] Venezuela is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Its economy is prone to disruption given that price of oil fluctuates rapidly. In 2014, oil prices dropped. Since then Venezuela has had to adapt to a significant decrease in state revenue.
Print/export Download as PDF; ... All index components are scaled to the value range from 0 to 100. The higher a country's index score on the WorldRiskIndex, the ...