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The radiation captured by the sensor is corrected for atmospheric disturbance and radiation noise to compute the brightness temperature of the ocean surface. With a correct estimation of the emissivity of sea water (~0.99) the grey body temperature of the ocean surface can be deduced, also referred to as the Sea Surface Temperature (SST).
Measuring ocean waves by use of marine radars. Wave radar is a type of radar for measuring wind waves.Several instruments based on a variety of different concepts and techniques are available, and these are all often called.
Solids, liquids (e.g. the Earth's surface, ocean, sea ice, snow, vegetation) but also gases emit and absorb microwave radiation. Traditionally, the amount of radiation a microwave radiometer receives is expressed as the equivalent blackbody temperature also called brightness temperature. In the microwave range several atmospheric gases exhibit ...
Radar is a system that uses radio waves to determine the distance (), direction (azimuth and elevation angles), and radial velocity of objects relative to the site. It is a radiodetermination method [1] used to detect and track aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, map weather formations, and terrain.
Radar plotting with the use of an EBL and VRM, or the ARPA should be used to determine the information of movement and the risk of collision of other ships in vicinity. [4] Information given to the user includes bearing, distance, CPA (closest point of approach) and TCPA (time of closest point of approach). [4]
The solar radiation entering the ocean gets heats the surface following the Beer-Lambert law. Here, approximately five percent of the incoming radiation is absorbed in the upper 1 mm of the ocean. [8] Since the heating from above leads to a stable stratification, other processes dominate the heat transport, depending on the considered scale.
When the sound or energy source is separated from the recording devices by distances of several kilometers or more, then refracted seismic waves are measured. Their travel time can be used to determine the internal structure of the ocean crust, and from the seismic velocities determined by the method, an estimate can be made of the crustal rock ...
ELF waves have extremely low attenuation of 1–2 dB per 1,000 km (620 mi), [18] [19] giving a single transmitter the potential to communicate worldwide. ELF waves can also travel considerable distances through "lossy" media like earth and seawater, which would absorb or reflect higher-frequency radio waves.
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