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The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
The basis of the military system in the Islamic Middle East was the iqta' system of fiefs, which supported a certain number of troops in every district. In the event of war, the ahdath militias, based in the cities under the command of the ra’is (chief), and who were usually ethnic Arabs, were called upon to increase the number of troops.
Poverty, corruption, and violence in the Middle East were said to be the lingering effects of the crusades and subsequent European colonialism." (Madden, p. 203). Khashan (1997) has argued that the revival of "crusading" narrative in the west is connected with the end of the Cold War and the search for a new "good vs. evil" dichotomy in which ...
The Crusader period in the history of Jerusalem decisively influenced the history of the whole Middle East, radiating beyond the region into the Islamic World and Christian Europe. The Crusades elevated the position of Jerusalem in the hierarchy of places holy to Islam, but it did not become a spiritual or political center of Islam.
the first episode, explores the reasons behind the start of the Crusades, centered on Jerusalem, the holy city for Christians, Jews and Muslims. [3] 7 Dec 2016 2 Revival the second episode, tells the story of the early Muslim resistance to the Crusades, led by the Zengids, a Turkic dynasty ruling the northern Levant. [4] 14 Dec 2016 3 Unification
A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. Vol. III. CUP Archive. p. 542. ISBN 9780521347723. JSTOR 1845592. Stevenson, William Barron (1907). The Crusaders in the East: A Brief History of the Wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria During the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. p. 413.
Al-Zahir Baibars and the End of the Old Crusades. Beirut: Dar Alnafaes. Claster, Jill N. (2009). Sacred Violence: The European Crusades to the Middle East, 1095–1396. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442604308. Crowley, Roger (2019). The Accursed Tower: The Fall of Acre and the End of the Crusades. Basic Books. ISBN 978-1541697348.
The traditional start of the Reconquista is identified with the defeat of the Muslims in the Battle of Covadonga in 722. [5] After the First Crusade in 1095–1099, Pope Paschal II urged Iberian crusaders (Portuguese, Castilians, Leonese, Aragonese, and others) to remain at home, where their own warfare was considered just as worthy as that of crusaders travelling to Jerusalem.