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At the Vienna summit on 4 June 1961, tensions rose. Meeting with US President John F. Kennedy, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev reissued the Soviet ultimatum to sign a separate peace treaty with East Germany and thus end the existing four-power agreements guaranteeing American, British, and French rights to access West Berlin and the occupation of East Berlin by Soviet forces. [1]
People killed crossing the East German borders before and after 13 August 1961: figures as of 2000 [33] Before 13 August 1961 (1) After 13 August 1961 (1) Total (1) Total (2) Inner German border 100 271 371 290 Berlin border/Wall 16 239 255 96 Baltic Sea 15 174 189 17 GDR border guards 11 16 27 – Soviet troops 1 5 6 – Berlin ring road –
The inner German border (German: innerdeutsche Grenze or deutsch–deutsche Grenze; initially also Zonengrenze) was the frontier between the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, West Germany) from 1949 to 1990.
German Democratic Republic Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German) 1949–1990 Flag (1959–1990) Emblem (1955–1990) Motto: " Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt Euch! " (" Workers of the world, unite! ") Anthem: "Auferstanden aus Ruinen" ("Risen from Ruins") Show globe Show map of Europe Location of the East Germany (dark green) in Europe (dark grey) Capital and largest city East Berlin ...
East Germany's political and economic system reflected its status as a part of the Eastern Bloc of Soviet-allied Communist countries, with the nation ruled by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) and operating with a command economy for 41 years until 3 October 1990 when East and West Germany were unified with the former being absorbed ...
Germany 1947: Four occupation zones, the whole of Berlin, the Saarland and the German eastern territories under foreign administration.. After the unconditional surrender of the Wehrmacht in May 1945, the anti-Hitler coalition between the United States and the Soviet Union broke up, and the idea of dividing the defeated country was from then on determined by the emerging East-West conflict ...
During the 1950s, West Germany sent millions of propaganda leaflets into East Germany each year. In 1968 alone, over 4,000 projectiles containing some 450,000 leaflets were fired from East Germany into the West. Another 600 waterproof East German leaflet containers were recovered from cross-border rivers. [32]
Accordingly, before 1961, most of that east–west flow took place between East and West Germany, with over 3.5 million East Germans emigrating to West Germany before 1961, [56] [57] which comprised most of the total net emigration of 4.0 million emigrants from all of Central and Eastern Europe between 1950 and 1959. [58]