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Only the upstream depth needs to be measured to calculate the flow rate. A free flow also induces a hydraulic jump downstream of the flume. Submerged flow occurs when the water surface downstream of the flume is high enough to restrict flow through a flume, submerged flume conditions exist. A backwater buildup effect occurs in a submerged flume.
The length and diameter of a water meter's tube are standardized to ensure compatibility with plumbing systems and adherence to regulatory requirements. Water meter diameters are typically measured in nominal pipe sizes (NPS) and are commonly available in sizes ranging from 15 mm (½ inch) to 300 mm (12 inches) or larger for industrial ...
This depth is converted to a flow rate according to a theoretical formula of the form = where is the flow rate, is a constant, is the water level, and is an exponent which varies with the device used; or it is converted according to empirically derived level/flow data points (a "flow curve"). The flow rate can then be integrated over time into ...
Water gauge on a steam locomotive. Here the water is at the “top nut”, the maximum working level. Note the patterned backplate to help reading and toughened glass shroud. A sight glass or water gauge is a type of level sensor, a transparent tube through which the operator of a tank or boiler can observe the level of liquid contained within.
The magnetic flow meter requires a conducting fluid, for example, water that contains ions, and an electrical insulating pipe surface, for example, a rubber-lined steel tube. If the magnetic field direction were constant, electrochemical and other effects at the electrodes would make the potential difference difficult to distinguish from the ...
In a variable primary chilled-water system, the design flow rate is determined by the water flow velocity in the tube of the coils. At typical conditions, 6–7 feet per second (1.8–2.1 m/s) Maximum 12 ft/s (3.7 m/s) Minimum 1.5 ft/s (0.46 m/s) (based on a Reynolds number of 7500) Minimum flow is typically 50% or less of the design flow. [1]
A process to perform a water flow test is explained in the model fire codes as published by NFPA (National Fire Protection Association). If a water supply source is considered weak compared to what is required by the sprinkler system design hydraulic calculation, the water pressure can be boosted by means of a fire pump.
A circulator pump for home use. A circulator pump or circulating pump is a specific type of pump used to circulate gases, liquids, or slurries in a closed circuit with small elevation changes. They are commonly found circulating water in a hydronic heating or cooling system.