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Consolamentum (called heretication by its Catholic opponents) was the unique sacrament of the Cathars. [1] Cathars believed in original sin, and – like Gnostics – believed temporal pleasure to be sinful or unwise. The process of living thus inevitably incurred "regret" that required "consolation" to move nearer to God or to approach heaven.
Catharism (/ ˈ k æ θ ər ɪ z əm / KATH-ər-iz-əm; [1] from the Ancient Greek: καθαροί, romanized: katharoí, "the pure ones" [2]) was a Christian quasi-dualist or pseudo-Gnostic movement, which thrived in the anti-materialist revival in Southern Europe, particularly in northern Italy and southern France, between the 12th and 14th centuries. [3]
The terms Cathar, Catharism and even Perfecti and Credentes were ones used by their persecutors, the religious and temporal authorities of the time. The Cathars themselves never referred to themselves as such, calling themselves only "Bons Hommes", "Bonnes Femmes" or "Bons Chrétiens" (i.e. "Good Men", "Good Women" and "Good Christians").
The Yellow Cross – the story of the last cathars 1290–1329. René Weis. Penguin Viking 2000. ISBN 0-14-027669-6; Cathars and Catharism, Dr Yves Maris. Oldenbourg, Zoe (2002) [1961]. Massacre at Montsegur: A History of the Albigensian Crusade (3rd ed.). Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212-428-5. The Perfect Heretics: Conference and book (1995)
The fifth and most famous book provided descriptions of the beliefs and practices of heretics such as Cathars (referred to as 'modern Manicheans'), Waldensians, Pseudo-Apostles, Beguines, and relapsed Jews, in addition to guidance for inquisitors on the best methods of interrogation for each group (including advocating torture if necessary). [23]
The Council of Saint-Félix, a landmark in the organisation of the Cathars, was held at Saint-Felix-de-Caraman, now called Saint-Félix-Lauragais, in 1167.The senior figure, who apparently presided and gave the consolamentum to the assembled Cathar bishops (some newly appointed), was papa Nicetas, Bogomil bishop of Constantinople.
The Perfect Heresy: The Life and Death of the Cathars, Profile Books Ltd, 2001. [ISBN missing] Falk, Avner (2010). Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades. London: Karnac Books, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85575-733-2. Marvin, Laurence W. (2008). The Occitan War: A Military and Political History of the Albigensian Crusade, 1209–1218 ...
John Foxe believed the Cathars to be precursors of the reformation. [2] [1] John Foxe believed that the Albigenses were similar to reformed theology; he praised the Albigenses as martyrs. [4] Today, the Cathars are still seen as protestant precursors by some Baptists, particularly those who adhere to the theory of Baptist successionism. [5]