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Military coups in Pakistan began in 1958 when military army chief Muhammad Ayub Khan overthrew and exiled president Iskandar Ali Mirza. [1] [2] Since its creation in 1947, Pakistan has spent several decades under military rule (1958–1971, 1977–1988, 1999–2008). After their respective terms in office, each of the past five prime ministers ...
The Establishment (Urdu: اسٹیبلشمنٹ), also referred to as the military establishment, or deep state, is a term commonly used in Pakistan to describe the influence of the Pakistan Armed Forces, intelligence agencies, and associated pro-military entities within the country's governance structure.
Since the nation's birth in 1947, Pakistan had been governed though bureaucracy. In 1958, the army seized power through a coup led by Ayub Khan. Under his rule, the country's economy grew at an average yearly rate of more than 5%. [4] However, due to uneven economic growth, Pakistan became a country with extreme wealth inequality.
A system in which opposition is prohibited, civil rights are extremely suppressed and virtually all aspects of social life, including the economy, morals, public and private lives of citizens, are controlled by a centralized authoritarian state that holds absolute political power, usually under a dictatorship or single political party. [58]
The power structures of dictatorships vary, and different definitions of dictatorship consider different elements of this structure. Political scientists such as Juan José Linz and Samuel P. Huntington identify key attributes that define the power structure of a dictatorship, including a single leader or a small group of leaders, the exercise of power with few limitations, limited political ...
The national cabinet, led by the Prime Minister of Pakistan has executive power and the president is the head of state elected by the electoral college. [3] Pakistan's political system is based on an elected form of governance. [4] The democratic elections held in 2008 were the first to conclude a 5-year term in the nation's political history.
The term was popularized by Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007) in 1980s in political science sphere of Pakistan. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In 1999, the term was again used by military authors of Kargil War , implicating mastermind of Kargil misadventure and staging military coup d'état against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1999.
As a result of these steps then President of Pakistan Mr. Asif Ali Zardari was elected as the Vice-President of the Socialist International. In 2018, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf came into power with Imran Khan as the 22nd Prime Minister. He promised to make Pakistan a welfare state, in accordance with nationalist principles.