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White phosphorus is used in smoke, illumination, and incendiary munitions, and is commonly the burning element of tracer ammunition. [1] Other common names for white phosphorus munitions include WP and the slang terms Willie Pete and Willie Peter, which are derived from William Peter, the World War II phonetic alphabet rendering of the letters ...
The constant volume adiabatic flame temperature is the temperature that results from a complete combustion process that occurs without any work, heat transfer or changes in kinetic or potential energy. Its temperature is higher than in the constant pressure process because no energy is utilized to change the volume of the system (i.e., generate ...
The autoignition temperature or self-ignition temperature, often called spontaneous ignition temperature or minimum ignition temperature (or shortly ignition temperature) and formerly also known as kindling point, of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it spontaneously ignites in a normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark. [1]
Reference Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit Comments 1 H hydrogen (H 2) ; use: 13.99 K: −259.16 °C: −434.49 °F WEL: 14.01 K: −259.14 °C: −434.45 °F CRC: −259.16 °C: LNG
It is measured as a unit of energy per unit mass or volume of substance. The HHV is determined by bringing all the products of combustion back to the original pre-combustion temperature, including condensing any vapor produced. Such measurements often use a standard temperature of 25 °C (77 °F; 298 K) [citation needed].
A substance is characterized by a burn rate vs. pressure chart and burn rate vs temperature chart. Higher burn rate than the speed of sound in the material (usually several km/s): "detonation" A few meters per second: "deflagration" A few centimeters per second: "burn" or "smolder" 0.01 mm/s to 100 mm/s: "decomposing rapidly" to characterise it.
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For both pure and applied uses, the most important allotrope is white phosphorus, often abbreviated WP. White phosphorus is a soft, waxy molecular solid composed of P 4 tetrahedra. This P 4 tetrahedron is also present in liquid and gaseous phosphorus up to the temperature of 800 °C (1,500 °F; 1,100 K) when it starts decomposing to P 2 ...