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Antimicrobial use has been common practice for at least 2000 years. Ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks used specific molds and plant extracts to treat infection. [5]In the 19th century, microbiologists such as Louis Pasteur and Jules Francois Joubert observed antagonism between some bacteria and discussed the merits of controlling these interactions in medicine. [6]
In 1910, Ehrlich and Hata announced their discovery, which they called drug "606", at the Congress for Internal Medicine at Wiesbaden. [136] The Hoechst company began to market the compound toward the end of 1910 under the name Salvarsan, now known as arsphenamine. [136] The drug was used to treat syphilis in the first half of the 20th century.
P. aeruginosa is a Gram-negative, aerobic (and at times facultatively anaerobic), rod-shaped bacterium with unipolar motility. [80] It has been identified as an opportunistic pathogen of both humans and plants. [81] P. aeruginosa is the type species of the genus Pseudomonas. [82]
Medicinal ingredients such as plant powders or spices were mixed in and formed by hand to make little balls, or pills. [2] The papyri also describe how to prepare herbal teas, poultices, ointments, eye drops, suppositories, enemas, laxatives, etc. Aloe vera was used in the 2nd millennium BCE. [8]
β-Lactam antibiotics are indicated for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible organisms. At first, β-lactam antibiotics were mainly active only against gram-positive bacteria, yet the recent development of broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics active against various gram-negative organisms has increased their usefulness.
Most aerobic Gram-negative bacteria (such as Pseudomonas, Legionella, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella) are resistant to clindamycin, [24] [26] as are the facultative anaerobic Enterobacteriaceae. [27] A notable exception is Capnocytophaga canimorsus, for which clindamycin is a first-line drug of choice. [28]
Tetracyclines are generally used in the treatment of infections of the urinary tract, respiratory tract, and the intestines and are also used in the treatment of chlamydia, especially in patients allergic to β-lactams and macrolides; however, their use for these indications is less popular than it once was due to widespread development of resistance in the causative organisms.
Meropenem usually results in bacterial death through blocking their ability to make a cell wall. [3] It is resistant to breakdown by many kinds of β-lactamase enzymes, produced by bacteria to protect themselves from antibiotics. [4] [5] [6] Meropenem was patented in 1983. [7] It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1996. [3]