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Drugs used in diabetes treat types of diabetes mellitus by decreasing glucose levels in the blood. With the exception of insulin , most GLP-1 receptor agonists ( liraglutide , exenatide , and others), and pramlintide , all diabetes medications are administered orally and are thus called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents.
Insulin glulisine is a fast-acting modified form of medical insulin used to treat diabetes. It differs from human insulin by having lysine replace asparagine at position B3 and glutamic acid replace lysine at position B29. [21] When administered subcutaneously, it enters the bloodstream more quickly than regular human insulin (RHI). [22]
Regular insulin, also known as neutral insulin and soluble insulin, is a type of short-acting medical insulin. [2] It is used to treat type 1 diabetes , type 2 diabetes , gestational diabetes , and complications of diabetes such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic states . [ 5 ]
A 2017 review found that people with diabetes who were taking metformin had lower all-cause mortality. [231] They also had reduced cancer and cardiovascular disease compared with those on other therapies. [231] In people without diabetes, metformin does not appear to reduce the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. [237]
Pramlintide has been approved on 3/16/2005 by the FDA, for use by type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients who use insulin. [6] (subscription required) Pramlintide allows patients to use less insulin, lowers average blood sugar levels, and substantially reduces what otherwise would be a large unhealthy rise in blood sugar that occurs in diabetics right after eating.
The term "biguanidine" often refers specifically to a class of drugs that function as oral antihyperglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. [4] Examples include: Metformin - widely used in treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2; Phenformin - withdrawn from the market in most countries due to toxic effects
In 2022, it was the 192nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions. [9] [10] Insulin can be made from the pancreas of pigs or cows. [11] Human versions can be made either by modifying pig versions, or recombinant technology [11] using mainly E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [12]
One of the most common drugs used in T2D, metformin is the drug of choice to help patients lower their blood sugar levels. Metformin is an example of a class of medicine called biguanides. [35] The medication works by reducing the new creation of glucose from the liver and by reducing absorption of sugar from food. [35]