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Bladder outlet obstruction (or obstructive uropathy) occurs when urine is unable to flow from the kidneys through the ureters and out of the bladder through the urethra. Decreased flow of urine leads to swelling of the urinary tract, called hydronephrosis. This process of decreased flow of urine through the urinary tract can begin as early as ...
Obstructive uropathy is a structural or functional hindrance of normal urine flow, [1] sometimes leading to renal dysfunction (obstructive nephropathy). It is a very broad term, and does not imply a location or cause.
Posterior urethral valve (PUV) disorder is an obstructive developmental anomaly in the urethra and genitourinary system of male newborns. [1] A posterior urethral valve is an obstructing membrane in the posterior male urethra as a result of abnormal in utero development. It is the most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male newborns.
Urethral slings may be used in both adults and children [12] [13] [14] Artificial Urinary Sphincters have shown good term outcomes in adults and pediatric patients. [15] [13] [16] An artificial urinary sphincter has three components: a control pump, an inflatable cuff that goes around the urethra, and a pressure regulating balloon. [17]
Around one third of men will develop urinary tract (outflow) symptoms, of which the principal underlying cause is benign prostatic hyperplasia. [26] Once symptoms arise, their progress is variable and unpredictable with about one third of patients improving, one third remaining stable and one third deteriorating. [citation needed]
The signs and symptoms of hydronephrosis depend upon whether the obstruction is acute or chronic, partial or complete, unilateral or bilateral. Hydronephrosis that occurs acutely with sudden onset (as caused by a kidney stone ) can cause intense pain in the flank area (between the hips and ribs) known as a renal colic .
It may initially cause no symptoms. [28] In later stages, it can lead to difficulty urinating, blood in the urine or pain in the pelvis, back, or when urinating. [31] A disease known as benign prostatic hyperplasia may produce similar symptoms. [28] Other late symptoms may include feeling tired due to low levels of red blood cells. [28]
When the onset is sudden, symptoms include an inability to urinate and lower abdominal pain. [1] When of gradual onset, symptoms may include loss of bladder control, mild lower abdominal pain, and a weak urine stream. [1] Those with long-term problems are at risk of urinary tract infections. [1]