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In physics, the thermal equation of state is a mathematical expression of pressure P, temperature T, and, volume V.The thermal equation of state for ideal gases is the ideal gas law, expressed as PV=nRT (where R is the gas constant and n the amount of substance), while the thermal equation of state for solids is expressed as:
A vapor can exist in equilibrium with a liquid (or solid), in which case the gas pressure equals the vapor pressure of the liquid (or solid). A supercritical fluid (SCF) is a gas whose temperature and pressure are above the critical temperature and critical pressure respectively. In this state, the distinction between liquid and gas disappears.
The various solid/liquid/gas transitions are classified as first-order transitions because they involve a discontinuous change in density, which is the (inverse of the) first derivative of the free energy with respect to pressure.
Many gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, noble gases, some heavier gases like carbon dioxide and mixtures such as air, can be treated as ideal gases within reasonable tolerances [2] over a considerable parameter range around standard temperature and pressure. Generally, a gas behaves more like an ideal gas at higher temperature and lower ...
Solid helium has a density of 0.214 ± 0.006 g/cm 3 at 1.15 K and 66 atm; the projected density at 0 K and 25 bar (2.5 MPa) is 0.187 ± 0.009 g/cm 3. [110] At higher temperatures, helium will solidify with sufficient pressure. At room temperature, this requires about 114,000 atm. [111]
Solid nitrogen is mainly the subject of academic research, but low-temperature, low-pressure solid nitrogen is a substantial component of bodies in the outer Solar System and high-temperature, high-pressure solid nitrogen is a powerful explosive, with higher energy density than any other non-nuclear material. [1]
Quantities of natural gas are measured in standard cubic meters (cubic meter of gas at temperature 15 °C (59 °F) and pressure 101.325 kPa (14.6959 psi)) or standard cubic feet (cubic foot of gas at temperature 60.0 °F and pressure 14.73 psi (101.6 kPa)), 1 standard cubic meter = 35.301 standard cubic feet.
At standard temperature and pressure, it forms a monatomic gas with a density of 9.73 kg/m 3, about 8 times the density of the Earth's atmosphere at sea level, 1.217 kg/m 3. [16] It is one of the densest gases at room temperature (a few are denser, e.g. CF 3 (CF 2 ) 2 CF 3 and WF 6 ) and is the densest of the noble gases.