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The spinal veins (veins of the medulla spinalis or veins of the spinal cord) are situated in the pia mater and form a minute, tortuous, venous plexus. They emerge chiefly from the median fissures of the medulla spinalis and are largest in the lumbar region. In this plexus there are:
"gray's anatomy" thirthy sixth edition by Williams & Warwick. "Sobotta Atlas der Anatomie des menschen" volume 1 and 2 18.Auflage by Urban & Schwarzenberg "Atlas fotografico de anatomia del cuerpo humano" 3a edicion by Yokochi, Rohen & Weinreb; multiple websites included:, , , , , , and others. Author: LadyofHats, Mariana Ruiz Villarreal
The most efficient way to study the spinal venous system along with the anterior spinal veins is to do it postmortem. These types of studies give an effective anatomical demonstration of how the system works. One of the few major studies of the venous anatomy was conducted by Armin Thron, which can be seen in his published “Vascular Anatomy ...
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus. Basivertebral veins; Anterior spinal veins; Posterior spinal veins; Veins of upper limb Subclavian vein; Axillary vein. Subscapular vein; Circumflex scapular vein. Thoracodorsal vein; Posterior circumflex humeral vein; Anterior circumflex humeral vein; Lateral thoracic vein; Superficial veins of upper ...
The internal vertebral venous plexuses (intraspinal veins) lie within the vertebral canal in the epidural space, [1] [2] embedded within epidural fat. [2] [3] They receive tributaries from bones, red bone marrow, and spinal cord. They are arranged into four interconnected, vertically oriented vessels - two situated anteriorly, and two ...
It is unclear whether basivertebral veins contain functional venous valves; blood flow through basivertebral veins may be reversible, suggesting a possible mechanism for metastatic spread of e.g. prostatic cancer to the spine during temporary blood flow reversals (e.g. during periods of elevated intra-abdominal pressure or during postural alterations).
The 3rd and 4th lumbar veins drain into the inferior vena cava. [3]The fate of the two superior lumbar veins is far more variable, and may drain into either the inferior vena cava, ascending lumbar vein, azygos vein, or (on the left side) the left renal vein; the 1st lumbar vein often passes inferiorly to join the 2nd lumbar vein, but may less commonly drain into the ascending lumbar vein, or ...
The vertebral vein is formed in the suboccipital triangle, from numerous small tributaries which spring from the internal vertebral venous plexuses and issue from the vertebral canal above the posterior arch of the atlas.