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Hyperprolactinaemia (also spelled hyperprolactinemia) is a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood. In women, normal prolactin levels average to about 13 ng/mL, while in men, they average 5 ng/mL. The upper normal limit of serum prolactin is typically between 15 and 25 ng/mL for both genders. [1]
The Journal of Human Lactation is a peer-reviewed medical journal that covers research on human lactation and breastfeeding behavior. The editor-in-chief is Joan E. Dodgson (Saint Louis University). The journal was established in 1985 and is published by SAGE Publications. It is the official journal of the International Lactation Consultant ...
Breastfeeding must be the infant's only (or almost only) source of nutrition. Feeding formula, pumping instead of nursing, [16] and feeding solids all reduce the effectiveness of LAM. The infant must breastfeed at least every four hours during the day and at least every six hours at night. [17] The infant must be less than six months old.
The persistent hypogonadism associated with hyperprolactinemia can lead to osteoporosis. Treatment significantly improves the patient's quality of life. If the goal is to treat hypogonadism only, patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia or microadenoma can be treated with estrogen replacement therapy and prolactin levels can be monitored.
High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase insulin resistance, increase growth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding. During lactation, prolactin is the main factor maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance.
Prolactin has a wide variety of effects. It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk (): increased serum concentrations of prolactin during pregnancy cause enlargement of the mammary glands and prepare for milk production, which normally starts when levels of progesterone fall by the end of pregnancy and a suckling stimulus is present.
There are currently two different mechanisms described in literatures explaining the cause of hyperprolactinemia in neonates. One mechanism states that hyperprolactinemia in neonates results from the decline of maternally transferred estrogen after birth. Decreased estrogen increases production of prolactin which increases milk production. [3]
Physiological states of amenorrhoea are most commonly seen during pregnancy and lactation (breastfeeding). [1] Amenorrhoea is a symptom with many potential causes. [2] Primary amenorrhea is defined as an absence of secondary sexual characteristics by age 13 with no menarche or normal secondary sexual characteristics but no menarche by 15 years ...