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Common name for alcohol Common name for aldehyde Common name for acid Common name for ketone 1: Meth-Methyl alcohol (wood alcohol) Formaldehyde: Formic acid NA 2: Eth-Ethyl alcohol (grain alcohol) Acetaldehyde: Acetic acid (vinegar) NA 3: Prop-Propyl alcohol: Propionaldehyde: Propionic acid Acetone/dimethyl ketone 4: But-Butyl alcohol ...
Keto–enol tautomerism is catalyzed by either acid or base. In neutral solution, the enol is the minority tautomer, reversing several times per second. [15] But it becomes the dominant tautomer in strong acid or base solutions, and enolized aldehydes undergo nucleophilic attack at the α position. [16] [17]
Simple mechanism for base-catalyzed aldol reaction of an aldehyde with itself. Base-catalyzed dehydration. Simple mechanism for the dehydration of an aldol product. Although only a catalytic amount of base is required in some cases, the more usual procedure is to use a stoichiometric amount of a strong base such as LDA or NaHMDS. In this case ...
The scheme shows a simple mechanism for the base-catalyzed aldol reaction of an aldehyde with itself. Simple mechanism for base-catalyzed aldol reaction of an aldehyde with itself. Although only a catalytic amount of base is required in some cases, the more usual procedure is to use a stoichiometric amount of a strong base such as LDA or NaHMDS ...
The mechanism for base-catalyzed aldol condensation can be seen in the image below. A mechanism for aldol condensation in basic conditions, which occurs via enolate intermediates and E1CB elimination. The process begins when a free hydroxide (strong base) strips the highly acidic proton at the alpha carbon of the aldehyde.
This reaction is useful for the separation and purification of aldehydes. [7] The bisulfite adducts are charged and so are more soluble in polar solvents. The reaction can be reversed in base or strong acid. [8] Examples of such procedures are described for benzaldehyde, [9] 2-tetralone, [10] citral, [11] the ethyl ester of pyruvic acid [12 ...
A major factor in determining the reactivity of acyl derivatives is leaving group ability, which is related to acidity. Weak bases are better leaving groups than strong bases; a species with a strong conjugate acid (e.g. hydrochloric acid) will be a better leaving group than a species with a weak conjugate acid (e.g. acetic acid).
In addition to the use of strong bases, enolates can be generated using a Lewis acid and a weak base ("soft conditions"): . For deprotonation to occur, the stereoelectronic requirement is that the alpha-C-H sigma bond must be able to overlap with the pi* orbital of the carbonyl: