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Condensation is the change of the state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization. The word most often refers to the water cycle . [ 1 ] It can also be defined as the change in the state of water vapor to liquid water when in contact with a liquid or solid surface or cloud condensation nuclei within ...
More generally, condensation refers to the appearance of macroscopic occupation of one or several states: for example, in BCS theory, a superconductor is a condensate of Cooper pairs. [1] As such, condensation can be associated with phase transition, and the macroscopic occupation of the state is the order parameter.
One important class of condensation polymers are polyamides. [4] They arise from the reaction of carboxylic acid and an amine. Examples include nylons and proteins. When prepared from amino-carboxylic acids, e.g. amino acids, the stoichiometry of the polymerization includes co-formation of water: n H 2 N-X-CO 2 H → [HN-X-C(O)] n + (n-1) H 2 O
Figure 1: An example of a porous structure exhibiting capillary condensation. In materials science and biology, capillary condensation is the "process by which multilayer adsorption from the vapor [phase] into a porous medium proceeds to the point at which pore spaces become filled with condensed liquid from the vapor [phase]."
Idealized scheme showing condensation of two amino acids to give a peptide bond. Many variations of condensation reactions exist. Common examples include the aldol condensation and the Knoevenagel condensation , which both form water as a by-product, as well as the Claisen condensation and the Dieckman condensation (intramolecular Claisen ...
Occasionally, an aldol condensation is buried in a multistep reaction or in catalytic cycle as in the following example: [18] Ru Catalyzed Cyclization of Terminal Alkynals to Cycloalkenes. In this reaction an alkynal 1 is converted into a cycloalkene 7 with a ruthenium catalyst and the actual condensation takes place with intermediate 3 through 5.
The earliest recognized fermionic condensate described the state of electrons in a superconductor; the physics of other examples including recent work with fermionic atoms is analogous. The first atomic fermionic condensate was created by a team led by Deborah S. Jin using potassium-40 atoms at the University of Colorado Boulder in 2003.
In technical terms, the dew point is the temperature at which the water vapor in a sample of air at constant barometric pressure condenses into liquid water at the same rate at which it evaporates. [7] At temperatures below the dew point, the rate of condensation will be greater than that of evaporation, forming more liquid water.