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The upper echelons theory is a management theory published by Donald C. Hambrick and Phyllis A. Mason in 1984. [1] It states that organizational outcomes are partially predicted by managerial background characteristics of the top level management team.
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Ambidextrous leadership is a recently introduced term by scholars [1] to characterize a special approach to leadership that is mostly used in organizations. [2] It refers to the simultaneous use of explorative and exploitative activities by leaders.
[48] [49] By contrast, it is extremely lenient in dealing with those in the upper echelons of society, in particular when it comes to economic crimes of the upper class and corporations such as fraud, embezzlement, insider trading, credit and insurance fraud, money laundering and violation of commerce and labor codes.
The term establishment is often used in Australia to refer both to the main political parties and also to the powers behind those parties. In the book, Anti-political Establishment Parties: A Comparative Analysis by Amir Abedi (2004), [7] Amir Abedi refers to the Labor Party and the Coalition Parties (the Liberal Party and the National/Country Party) as the establishment parties.
Few women tend to reach positions in the upper echelon of society, and organizations are largely still almost exclusively led by men. [ citation needed ] Studies have shown that the glass ceiling still exists in varying levels in different nations and regions across the world.
The Power Elite is a 1956 book by sociologist C. Wright Mills, in which Mills calls attention to the interwoven interests of the leaders of the military, corporate, and political elements of the American society and suggests that the ordinary citizen in modern times is a relatively powerless subject of manipulation by those three entities.
Korsch was especially concerned that Marxist theory was losing its precision and validity—in the words of the day, becoming "vulgarized"—within the upper echelons of the various socialist organizations. In his later work, he rejected Orthodox Marxism as historically outmoded, wanting to adapt Marxism to a new historical situation.