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It can be seen that the polar cone is equal to the negative of the dual cone, i.e. C o = −C *. For a closed convex cone C in X , the polar cone is equivalent to the polar set for C . [ 5 ]
One reason for the drift is that the intensity of B increases as Earth is approached. The gyration around the guiding field line is therefore not a perfect circle, but curves a little more tightly on the side closer to the Earth, where the larger B gives a smaller R g. This change in curvature makes ions advance sideways, while electrons, which ...
The high-speed polar jet stream typically spins at a height of 5 to 9 miles above the Earth’s surface, in the lower layer of the atmosphere known as the troposphere.
Schematic of the Birkeland or Field-Aligned Currents and the ionospheric current systems they connect to, Pedersen and Hall currents. [1]A Birkeland current (also known as field-aligned current, FAC) is a set of electrical currents that flow along geomagnetic field lines connecting the Earth's magnetosphere to the Earth's high latitude ionosphere.
In the height region between about 85 and 200 km altitude on Earth, the ionospheric plasma is electrically conducting. Atmospheric tidal winds due to differential solar heating or due to gravitational lunar forcing move the ionospheric plasma against the geomagnetic field lines thus generating electric fields and currents just like a dynamo coil moving against magnetic field lines.
The original calculations assumed that the Earth has the same density throughout - and the gravitational force changes as you approach the center, much like the weight of a spring that bounces up ...
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Earth's rotation axis moves with respect to the fixed stars (inertial space); the components of this motion are precession and nutation. It also moves with respect to Earth's crust; this is called polar motion. Precession is a rotation of Earth's rotation axis, caused primarily by external torques from the gravity of the Sun, Moon and other bodies.