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The Schmidt sting pain index is a pain scale rating the relative pain caused by different hymenopteran stings. It is mainly the work of Justin O. Schmidt, who was an entomologist at the Carl Hayden Bee Research Center in Arizona. Schmidt published a number of works on the subject and claimed to have been stung by the majority of stinging ...
The BFQ is calculated as the regression of the quotient of an animal's bite force in newtons divided by its body mass in kilograms. [1] The BFQ was first applied by Wroe et al. (2005) in a paper comparing bite forces, body masses and prey size in a range of living and extinct mammalian carnivores, later expanded on by Christiansen & Wroe (2007 ...
The Starr sting pain scale was created by the entomologist Christopher Starr as a scale to compare the overall pain of hymenopteran stings on a four-point scale, an expansion of the "pain index" originally created by Justin Schmidt. [1] [2] 1 is the lowest pain rating; 4 is the highest.
Numerous animal species naturally produce chemical toxins which are used to kill or incapacitate prey or as a defense against predators. Venomous animals actively deliver their toxins (called venom ) into their target through a specially designed mechanism, such as a bite or sting , by using a venom apparatus , such as fangs or a stinger , in a ...
The animal is then ranked among the scale using the honeybee sting as the baseline. Along with creatures from the Schmidt Pain Index, animals from other categories such as reptiles and marine animals are also tested. In addition to testing the bites and stings of animals, Thorn and Alleva have started another pain index which they call the ...
The US estimated annual count of animal bites is 250,000 human bites, 1 to 2 million dog bites, 400,000 cat bites, and 45,000 bites from snakes. Bites from skunks, horses, squirrels, rats, rabbits, pigs, and monkeys may be up to 1 percent of bite injuries. Pet ferrets attacks that were unprovoked have caused serious facial injuries.
Durand (doo-RAND) is a city in Shiawassee County in the U.S. state of Michigan.The population was 3,507 at the 2020 census.Nicknamed "Railroad City, USA", it is best known for its large train station which was a major hub for the Grand Trunk Western and Ann Arbor railroads during most of the 20th century, and is currently served by Amtrak.
The authors additionally note that the fact that the measurements were taken on live animals may lead to underestimates caused by fatigue and stress. Furthermore, the measurements were restricted to the anterior bite-force, not including the potential of doubled bite-force along the lower jaw. This may result in forces between 2480 and 9498 Newton.