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This diagnosis requires the presence of at least five signs or symptoms, from a list of 12, that develop during or shortly after caffeine use. [7] This syndrome regularly happens when a person ingested large amounts of caffeine from any source (e.g., more than 400–500 mg at a time).
Cyclobenzaprine (and metabolite) [6] [7] [28] Site CBP NCBP Action SERT Tooltip Serotonin transporter: 108 ND: Inhibitor NET Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter: 36 ND: Inhibitor DAT Tooltip Dopamine transporter: 5489 ND: Inhibitor 5-HT 1A: 5300 3200 Agonist 5-HT 2A: 5.2–29 13 Antagonist 5-HT 2B: 100–154 ND: Antagonist 5-HT 2C: 5.2–57 43 ...
The mechanisms of sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as α-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and dopaminergic agonists; or indirect-acting (interaction not between drug and receptor), such as MAOIs, COMT inhibitors, release stimulants, and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamines.
Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder is a subclass of the DSM-5 diagnosis of substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder. [1] Consumption of caffeine has long been linked to anxiety. [2] The effects of caffeine and the symptoms of anxiety both increase activity within the sympathetic nervous system.
The therapeutic dose of theophylline, however, is many times greater than the levels attained from caffeine metabolism. [46] 1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid is a minor caffeine metabolite. [5] 7-Methylxanthine is also a metabolite of caffeine. [193] [194] Each of the above metabolites is further metabolized and then excreted in the urine.
The 7-second loophole is founded on the relationship between hunger hormones and caffeine intake. According to advocates, drinking black coffee stimulates adrenaline and dopamine, curbing appetite.
Barbiturates such as pentobarbital have been shown to cause paradoxical hyperactivity in an estimated 1% of children, who display symptoms similar to the hyperactive-impulsive subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Intravenous caffeine administration can return these patients' behavior to baseline levels. [11]
7-Methylxanthine (7-MX), also known as heteroxanthine, is an active metabolite of caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) and theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine). [1] [2] It is a non-selective antagonist of the adenosine receptors. [1] [2] The compound may slow the progression of myopia (nearsightedness).