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An electron multiplier is a vacuum-tube structure that multiplies incident charges. [1] In a process called secondary emission , a single electron can, when bombarded on secondary-emissive material, induce emission of roughly 1 to 3 electrons .
A microchannel plate (MCP) is used to detect single particles (electrons, ions and neutrons [1]) and photons (ultraviolet radiation and X-rays).It is closely related to an electron multiplier, as both intensify single particles or photons by the multiplication of electrons via secondary emission. [2]
The electron multiplier consists of a number of electrodes called dynodes. Each dynode is held at a more positive potential, by ≈100 Volts, than the preceding one. A primary electron leaves the photocathode with the energy of the incoming photon, or about 3 eV for "blue" photons, minus the work function of the photocathode. A small group of ...
A gas electron multiplier (GEM) is a type of gaseous ionization detector used in nuclear and particle physics and radiation detection.. All gaseous ionization detectors are able to collect the electrons released by ionizing radiation, guiding them to a region with a large electric field, and thereby initiating an electron avalanche.
Feynman diagram of electron/positron annihilation. The electron–positron annihilation interaction: e + + e − → 2γ. has a contribution from the second order Feynman diagram: In the initial state (at the bottom; early time) there is one electron (e −) and one positron (e +) and in the final state (at the top; late time) there are two ...
Because the triple quadrupole is a scanning instrument, the type of detection system it employs must be capable of detecting ions one m/z at a time. One of the most common detectors, the electron multiplier, is often paired with the triple quadrupole. The electron multiplier allows for faster response time, increased sensitivity and higher gain.
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Each electron that strikes the surface of the second dynode produces several more electrons, which are then accelerated toward the third dynode, and so on. By the time this process has been repeated at each of the dynodes, 10 5 to 10 7 electrons have been produced for each incident photon, dependent on the number of dynodes.