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Post-nasal drip (PND), also known as upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), occurs when excessive mucus is produced by the nasal mucosa. The excess mucus accumulates in the back of the nose , and eventually in the throat once it drips down the back of the throat.
Also called rhinorrhea, is a very common medical disorder that occurs when the nasal tissues are congested and the excess fluid runs either at the back of the throat or out of the nose. Post-nasal drip can be caused by the common cold, allergies to dust, smoking, or pet dander. Even spicy foods can sometimes cause post-nasal drip.
[3] [4] This commonly includes nasal obstruction, sore throat, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and the common cold. [5]: 28 Most infections are viral in nature, and in other instances, the cause is bacterial. [6] URTIs can also be fungal or helminthic in origin, but these are less common. [7]: 443–445
Other symptoms include a metallic taste, throat closing or tightening, coughing fits, itchy throat, and choking. Larger tonsil stones may cause recurrent bad breath, which frequently accompanies a tonsil infection, sore throat , white debris, a bad taste in the back of the throat, difficulty swallowing, ear ache , and tonsil swelling. [ 12 ]
Macrophages and other white blood cells concentrate by the tonsillar crypts as well, in response to the microorganisms attracted to the crypts. Accordingly, the tonsillar crypts serve a forward sentry role for the immune system , by providing early exposure of immune system cells to infectious organisms which may be introduced into the body via ...
Rhinitis is categorized into three types (although infectious rhinitis is typically regarded as a separate clinical entity due to its transient nature): (i) infectious rhinitis includes acute and chronic bacterial infections; (ii) nonallergic rhinitis [14] includes vasomotor, idiopathic, hormonal, atrophic, occupational, and gustatory rhinitis, as well as rhinitis medicamentosa (rebound ...
[1] [14] [15] Their tonsils – and often the back of the throat – appear red and swollen, and sometimes give off a white discharge. [1] [15] [16] Some also have tender swelling of the cervical lymph nodes. [1] [15] Many viral infections that cause tonsillitis will also cause cough, runny nose, hoarse voice, or blistering in the mouth or ...
A white, milky, or opaque (mucoid) appearance means that antibiotics are less likely to be effective in treatment because the likelihood is greater of a viral infection or allergy than of antibiotic-responsive micro-organisms. Thickness may indicate asthma. Foamy white – may come from earlier-phase pulmonary edema.