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A distinction between such categories, in making the categories or applying them, is called an ontological distinction. Various systems of categories have been proposed, they often include categories for substances , properties , relations , states of affairs or events .
Ontology is the philosophical study of being.It is traditionally understood as the subdiscipline of metaphysics focused on the most general features of reality.As one of the most fundamental concepts, being encompasses all of reality and every entity within it.
meinongian: arguments that assert "a distinction between different categories of existence." experiential: arguments that employ the idea of God existing solely to those who have had experience of him. mereological: arguments that "draw on…the theory of the whole-part relation." [6]
His major writings include the papers "On What There Is" (1948), which elucidated Bertrand Russell's theory of descriptions and contains Quine's famous dictum of ontological commitment, "To be is to be the value of a variable", and "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" (1951), which attacked the traditional analytic-synthetic distinction and reductionism ...
It is from this distinction that he develops the concept of fundamental ontology (German: Fundamentalontologie). The history of ontology in Western philosophy is, in Heidegger's terms, ontical, whereas ontology ought to designate fundamental ontology. He says this "ontological inquiry" is required to understand the basis of the sciences. [1]
The Meinongian argument is a type of ontological argument [1] or an "a priori argument" that seeks to prove the existence of God. [2] This is through an assertion that there is "a distinction between different categories of existence." [3] The premise of the ontological argument is based on Alexius Meinong's works.
Willard Van Orman Quine provided an early and influential formulation of ontological commitment: [4]. If one affirms a statement using a name or other singular term, or an initial phrase of 'existential quantification', like 'There are some so-and-sos', then one must either (1) admit that one is committed to the existence of things answering to the singular term or satisfying the descriptions ...
The internal–external distinction is a distinction used in philosophy to divide an ontology into two parts: an internal part concerning observation related to philosophy, and an external part concerning question related to philosophy.