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Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell. It is classified as a strong acid. It is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans.
Hydrogen chloride forms corrosive hydrochloric acid on contact with water found in body tissue. Inhalation of the fumes can cause coughing , choking , inflammation of the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract , and in severe cases, pulmonary edema , circulatory system failure, and death. [ 26 ]
Aqua regia (/ ˈ r eɪ ɡ i ə, ˈ r iː dʒ i ə /; from Latin, "regal water" or "royal water") is a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, optimally in a molar ratio of 1:3. [b] Aqua regia is a fuming liquid.
Water-reactive substances [1] are those that spontaneously undergo a chemical reaction with water, often noted as generating flammable gas. [2] Some are highly reducing in nature. [ 3 ] Notable examples include alkali metals , lithium through caesium , and alkaline earth metals , magnesium through barium .
Caustic ingestion occurs when someone accidentally or deliberately ingests a caustic or corrosive substance.Depending on the nature of the substance, the duration of exposure and other factors it can lead to varying degrees of damage to the oral mucosa, the esophagus, and the lining of the stomach.
Acetic acid is said to be a differentiating solvent for the three acids, while water is not. [6]: 217 An important example of a solvent which is more basic than water is dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO, (CH 3) 2 SO. A compound which is a weak acid in water may become a strong acid in DMSO. Acetic acid is an example of such a substance.
An oxidizing acid is a Brønsted acid that is a strong oxidizing agent. Most Brønsted acids can act as oxidizing agents, because [dubious – discuss] the acidic proton can be reduced to hydrogen gas. Some acids contain other structures that act as stronger oxidizing agents than hydrogen ions. Generally, they contain oxygen in their anionic ...
The main types of irritant and/or corrosive products are: acids, bases, oxidizers / reducing agents, solvents, and alkylants. Additionally, chemical burns can be caused by biological toxins (such as anthrax toxin ) and by some types of cytotoxic chemical weapons , e.g., vesicants such as mustard gas and Lewisite , or urticants such as phosgene ...