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Typically, the proto-language is not known directly. It is by definition a linguistic reconstruction formulated by applying the comparative method to a group of languages featuring similar characteristics. [3] The tree is a statement of similarity and a hypothesis that the similarity results from descent from a common language.
In 2011, an article in the journal Science proposed an African origin of modern human languages. [10] It was suggested that human language predates the out-of-Africa migrations of 50,000 to 70,000 years ago and that language might have been the essential cultural and cognitive innovation that facilitated human colonization of the globe. [11]
Proto-Pama–Nyungan. Proto-Arandic; Proto-Thura-Yura; Proto-Trans–New Guinea (); Proto-Austronesian () . Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. Proto-Malayic; Proto-Philippine
Comparative linguistics is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish their historical relatedness.. Genetic relatedness implies a common origin or proto-language and comparative linguistics aims to construct language families, to reconstruct proto-languages and specify the changes that have resulted in the documented languages.
The highly diverse Nilo-Saharan languages, first proposed as a family by Joseph Greenberg in 1963 might have originated in the Upper Paleolithic. [1] Given the presence of a tripartite number system in modern Nilo-Saharan languages, linguist N.A. Blench inferred a noun classifier in the proto-language, distributed based on water courses in the Sahara during the "wet period" of the Neolithic ...
The concept of a (single, identifiable) "homeland" of a given language family implies a purely genealogical view of the development of languages. This assumption is often reasonable and useful, but it is by no means a logical necessity, as languages are well known to be susceptible to areal change such as substrate or superstrate influence.
A. Proto-Abkhaz–Abaza language; Proto-Admiralty Islands language; Proto-Afroasiatic language; Proto-Albanian language; Proto-Algic language; Proto-Algonquian language
In other literature, they may be written as graphemes with a bar to produce ƀ, đ, ǥ. Unvoiced fricatives appear as f, þ, h (perhaps /ɸ/, /θ/, /x/). /x/ may have become /h/ in certain positions at a later stage of Proto-Germanic itself. Similarly for /xʷ/, which later became /hʷ/ or /ʍ/ in some environments.