Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
Estrogens are responsible for both the pubertal growth spurt, which causes an acceleration in linear growth, and epiphyseal closure, which limits height and limb length, in both females and males. In addition, estrogens are responsible for bone maturation and maintenance of bone mineral density throughout life.
Building growth in estrogen concentration, all other follicles atretic or dead In addition, follicles that have formed an antrum are called antral follicles or Graafian follicles. Definitions differ in where this shift occurs in the staging given above, with some stating that it occurs when entering the secondary stage, [ 2 ] and others stating ...
Furthermore, estrogen monitoring during fertility therapy assesses follicular growth and is useful in monitoring the treatment. Estrogen-producing tumors will demonstrate persistent high levels of estradiol and other estrogens. In precocious puberty, estradiol levels are inappropriately increased.
Estrogen promotes the development of breast cancers that have estrogen receptor (ER) by stimulating the proliferation and survival of breast cancer cells. [39] Estrogen receptor (ER) is a significant indicator for predicting outcomes and guiding treatment decisions, and it is found in around 75% of breast cancers. [ 39 ]
Estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin, as well as GH/IGF-1, produce their effects on breast development by modulating the local expression in breast tissue of an assortment of autocrine and paracrine growth factors, [25] [44] [62] [63] [64] including IGF-1, IGF-2, amphiregulin, [65] EGF, FGF, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), [66] tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), tumor necrosis factor β (TNF ...
Linear growth is a complex process regulated by the growth hormone (GH) – insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, the thyroxine/triiodothyronine axis, androgens, estrogens, vitamin D, glucocorticoids and possibly leptin. [25] GH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to hypothalamic, pituitary and circulating factors.
Synthetic estrogens and progestins are used in methods of hormonal contraception. Ethinylestradiol is an example of a semi-synthetic estrogen. Specific compounds that have partial agonist activity for steroid receptors may require treatment by a steroid in one cell type, and, therefore, act like natural steroid hormones.
Throughout the entire follicular phase, rising estrogen levels in the blood stimulates growth of the endometrium and myometrium of the uterus. [6] It also causes endometrial cells to produce receptors for progesterone , [ 6 ] which helps prime the endometrium to respond to rising levels of progesterone during the late proliferative phase and ...