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Programmed input–output (also programmable input/output, programmed input/output, programmed I/O, PIO) is a method of data transmission, via input/output (I/O), between a central processing unit (CPU) and a peripheral device, [1] such as a Parallel ATA storage device. Each data item transfer is initiated by an instruction in the program ...
A block diagram is a diagram of a system in which the principal parts or functions are represented by blocks connected by lines that show the relationships of the blocks. [1] They are heavily used in engineering in hardware design , electronic design , software design , and process flow diagrams .
Memory-mapped I/O is preferred in IA-32 and x86-64 based architectures because the instructions that perform port-based I/O are limited to one register: EAX, AX, and AL are the only registers that data can be moved into or out of, and either a byte-sized immediate value in the instruction or a value in register DX determines which port is the source or destination port of the transfer.
The interface must have the necessary logic to interpret the device address generated by the processor. Handshaking should be implemented by the interface using appropriate commands (like BUSY, READY, and WAIT), and the processor can communicate with an I/O device through the interface. If different data formats are being exchanged, the ...
That which passes across the interface is defined in the appropriate squares. The diagram is complete when the user has compared each entity to all other entities. The N2 diagram should be used in each successively lower level of entity decomposition. Figure 1 illustrates directional flow of interfaces between entities within an N 2 diagram ...
Super I/O (sometimes Multi-IO) [1] is a class of I/O controller integrated circuits that began to be used on personal computer motherboards in the late 1980s, originally as add-in cards, later embedded on the motherboards.
Depending on the application, a microcontroller's GPIOs may comprise its primary interface to external circuitry or they may be just one type of I/O used among several, such as analog signal I/O, counter/timer, and serial communication. In some ICs, particularly microcontrollers, a GPIO pin may be capable of other functions than GPIO.
In computing, channel I/O is a high-performance input/output (I/O) architecture that is implemented in various forms on a number of computer architectures, especially on mainframe computers. In the past, channels were generally [ a ] implemented with custom devices, variously named channel , I/O processor , I/O controller , I/O synchronizer ...