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The DAO was a digital decentralized autonomous organization [5] and a form of investor-directed venture capital fund. [6] After launching in April 2016 via a token sale, it became one of the largest crowdfunding campaigns in history, [6] but it ceased activity after much of its funds - in the form of US$ exchanged for "Ether-crypto coins" - were taken in a hack in June 2016.
In the most frequently cited example, the first entity is the string "lol", hence the name "billion laughs". At the time this vulnerability was first reported, the computer memory used by a billion instances of the string "lol" would likely exceed that available to the process parsing the XML.
IPOPT is part of the COIN-OR project. IPOPT is designed to exploit 1st derivative and 2nd derivative information if provided (usually via automatic differentiation routines in modeling environments such as AMPL). If no Hessians are provided, IPOPT will approximate them using a quasi-Newton methods, specifically a BFGS update.