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In text-to-image retrieval, users input descriptive text, and CLIP retrieves images with matching embeddings. In image-to-text retrieval , images are used to find related text content. CLIP’s ability to connect visual and textual data has found applications in multimedia search, content discovery, and recommendation systems.
Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) allows joint pretraining of a text encoder and an image encoder, such that a matching image-text pair have image encoding vector and text encoding vector that span a small angle (having a large cosine similarity).
Contrastive linguistics, since its inception by Robert Lado in the 1950s, has often been linked to aspects of applied linguistics, e.g., to avoid interference errors in foreign-language learning, as advocated by Di Pietro (1971) [1] (see also contrastive analysis), to assist interlingual transfer in the process of translating texts from one ...
DALL-E was developed and announced to the public in conjunction with CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training). [23] CLIP is a separate model based on contrastive learning that was trained on 400 million pairs of images with text captions scraped from the Internet. Its role is to "understand and rank" DALL-E's output by predicting which ...
The model has two possible training schemes to produce word vector representations, one generative and one contrastive. [27] The first is word prediction given each of the neighboring words as an input. [28] The second is training on the representation similarity for neighboring words and representation dissimilarity for random pairs of words. [10]
That development led to the emergence of large language models such as BERT (2018) [28] which was a pre-trained transformer (PT) but not designed to be generative (BERT was an "encoder-only" model). Also in 2018, OpenAI published Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training, which introduced GPT-1, the first in its GPT series. [29]
Pre-training GPT-3 required several thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of compute, compared to tens of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 model. [190] Like its predecessor, [ 180 ] the GPT-3 trained model was not immediately released to the public for concerns of possible abuse, although OpenAI planned to allow access through a paid cloud API after a ...
The majority of the studies done on contrast and contrastive relations in semantics has concentrated on characterizing exactly which semantic relationships could give rise to contrast. Earliest studies in semantics also concentrated on identifying what distinguished clauses joined by and from clauses joined by but .