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This article is a list of shoguns that ruled Japan intermittently, as hereditary military dictators, [1] from the beginning of the Asuka period in 709 until the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868. [ a ]
In Japanese history, a shōgun (将軍) was the practical ruler of Japan for most of the time from the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate to the dissolution of the Tokugawa shogunate (1192–1868).
Shogun (English: / ˈ ʃ oʊ ɡ ʌ n / SHOH-gun; [1] Japanese: 将軍, romanized: shōgun, pronounced [ɕoːɡɯɴ] ⓘ), officially sei-i taishōgun (征夷大将軍, "Commander-in-Chief of the Expeditionary Force Against the Barbarians"), [2] was the title of the military rulers of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. [3]
The Tokugawa shoguns governed Japan in a feudal system, with each daimyō administering a han (feudal domain), although the country was still nominally organized as imperial provinces. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, Japan experienced rapid economic growth and urbanization, which led to the rise of the merchant class and Ukiyo culture.
The terms Tennō ('Emperor', 天皇), as well as Nihon ('Japan', 日本), were not adopted until the late 7th century AD. [ 6 ] [ 2 ] In the nengō system which has been in use since the late 7th century, years are numbered using the Japanese era name and the number of years which have elapsed since the start of that nengō era.
The rulers of Japan have been its Emperors, whether effectively or nominally, for its entire recorded history.These include the ancient legendary emperors, the attested but undated emperors of the Yamato period (early fifth to early 6th centuries), and the clearly dated emperors of 539 to the present.
Satsuma was granted an exception to the shogunate's limit of one castle per domain, a policy which was meant to restrict the military strength of the domains; the Shimazu then formed sub-fiefs within their domain, and doled out castles to their vassals, administering the domain in a manner not unlike a mini-shogunate.
A Japanese/Cyrillic 1789 map of Japan showing provincial borders and the castle towns of han and major shogunate castles/cities Map of Japan, 1855, with provinces. Map of Japan, 1871, with provinces. The list of han or domains in the Tokugawa period (1603–1868) changed from time to time during the Edo period.