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Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males. [3] In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testicles and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
Sertoli cells function to nourish the developing sperm cells. They secrete androgen-binding protein, a binding protein which increases the concentration of testosterone. There are two types: convoluted and straight, convoluted toward the lateral side, and straight as the tubule comes medially to form ducts that will exit the testis.
Leydig cells release a class of hormones called androgens (19-carbon steroids). [8] They secrete testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), when stimulated by the luteinizing hormone (LH), which is released from the anterior pituitary in response to gonadotropin releasing hormone which in turn is released by the hypothalamus.
English: *Enzymes, their cellular location, substrates and products in human steroidogenesis. Shown also is the major classes of steroid hormones: progestagens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens and estrogens.
In the backdoor pathway, 5α-reduction of progesterone (P4) or 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) occurs at or near the beginning of the pathway respectively. [35] [25] [17] Conversely, in the classical pathway, 5α-reduction is the final step, where testosterone is converted into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). [3]
3D anatomy of the layers surrounding the testis. Many anatomical features of the adult testis reflect its developmental origin in the abdomen. The layers of tissue enclosing each testicle are derived from the layers of the anterior abdominal wall. [1] The cremasteric muscle arises from the internal oblique muscle. [1] [18]
Androstenediol (A5) is a steroid metabolite of DHEA and the precursor to sex hormones testosterone and estradiol. Androsterone is a chemical byproduct created during the breakdown of androgens, or derived from progesterone , that also exerts minor masculinising effects, but with one-seventh the intensity of testosterone.
The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor [9] that is activated by binding any of the androgenic hormones, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, [10] in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus.