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The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microcontroller, with built-in TCP/IP networking software, and microcontroller capability, produced by Espressif Systems [1] in Shanghai, China. The chip was popularized in the English-speaking maker community in August 2014 via the ESP-01 module, made by a third-party manufacturer Ai-Thinker.
NodeMCU was created shortly after the ESP8266 came out. On December 30, 2013, Espressif Systems [6] began production of the ESP8266. [12] NodeMCU started on 13 Oct 2014, when Hong committed the first file of nodemcu-firmware to GitHub. [13]
To serve its intended purposes, a fingerprinting algorithm must be able to capture the identity of a file with virtual certainty. In other words, the probability of a collision — two files yielding the same fingerprint — must be negligible, compared to the probability of other unavoidable causes of fatal errors (such as the system being destroyed by war or by a meteorite): say, 10 −20 or ...
A device fingerprint or machine fingerprint is information collected about the software and hardware of a remote computing device for the purpose of identification. The information is usually assimilated into a brief identifier using a fingerprinting algorithm .
It runs on ESP8266 [2] Wi-Fi based MCU (microcontroller unit) platforms for IoT from Espressif Systems. The name "ESP Easy," by default, refers to the firmware rather than the hardware on which it runs. [3] [4] At a low level, the ESP Easy firmware works the same as the NodeMCU firmware and also provides a very simple operating system on the ...
Radio fingerprinting is commonly used by cellular operators to prevent cloning of cell phones — a cloned device will have the same numeric equipment identity but a different radio fingerprint. Essentially, each transmitter (cell phones are just one type of radio transmitter) has a rise time signature when first keyed which is caused by the ...
The primary threat to the security of a fingerprint is a second-preimage attack, where an attacker constructs a key pair whose public key hashes to a fingerprint that matches the victim's fingerprint. The attacker could then present his public key in place of the victim's public key to masquerade as the victim.
TCP/IP stack fingerprinting is the remote detection of the characteristics of a TCP/IP stack implementation. The combination of parameters may then be used to infer the remote machine's operating system (aka, OS fingerprinting ), or incorporated into a device fingerprint .