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A grade 1 sprain is defined as mild damage to a ligament or ligaments without instability of the affected joint. A grade 2 sprain is considered a partial tear to the ligament, in which it is stretched to the point that it becomes loose. A grade 3 sprain is a complete tear of a ligament, causing instability in the affected joint. [3]
The calcaneofibular ligament is a narrow, rounded cord, running from the tip of the lateral malleolus of the fibula downward and slightly backward to a tubercle on the lateral surface of the calcaneus. It is part of the lateral collateral ligament, which opposes the hyperinversion of the subtalar joint, as in a common type of ankle sprain. [1]
There are three x-ray views in a complete ankle series: anteroposterior (AP), lateral, and oblique (or "mortise view"). The mortise view is an AP x-ray taken with the ankle internally rotated 15-20 degrees since the foot is naturally externally rotated relative to the ankle. [9]
It is one of the lateral ligaments of the ankle and prevents the foot from sliding forward in relation to the shin. It is the most commonly injured ligament in a sprained ankle —from an inversion injury—and will allow a positive anterior drawer test of the ankle if completely torn.
In complete ruptures, the tendon of another muscle is used and wrapped around the Achilles tendon. Commonly, the tendon of the plantaris is used and this wrapping increases the strength of the repaired tendon. [19] If the quality of tissues is poor, such as from a neglected injury, a reinforcement mesh is an option.
The Broström operation (or Broström-Gould technique) is a repair of ligaments on lateral ankle. It is designed to address ankle instability. More importantly, it is primarily used to repair the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) in the ankle. It is thought that the majority of patients regain most function in their ankles.
at the level of the ankle joint, extending superiorly and laterally up the fibula; tibiofibular syndesmosis intact or only partially torn, but no widening of the distal tibiofibular articulation; medial malleolus may be fractured or deltoid ligament may be torn; variable stability; Type C. Fracture of the fibula proximal to the syndesmosis ...
posterior talofibular ligament; The posterior talofibular ligament runs horizontally between the neck of the talus and the medial side of lateral malleolus calcaneofibular ligament; The calcaneofibular ligament is attached on the posteromedial side of lateral malleolus and descends posteroinferiorly below to a lateral side of the calcaneus.