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Garden-path sentences are difficult to parse because they contain a phrase or a word with more than one meaning, often their most typical meaning being a different part of speech. [11] For example, in the sentence, "the horse raced past the barn fell", raced is initially interpreted as a past tense verb, but in this sentence, it functions as ...
Both constituency and dependency parsing approaches can be evaluated for the ratio of exact matches (percentage of sentences that were perfectly parsed), and precision, recall, and F1-score calculated based on the correct constituency or dependency assignments in the parse relative to that number in reference and/or hypothesis parses. The ...
Treebanks can be created completely manually, where linguists annotate each sentence with syntactic structure, or semi-automatically, where a parser assigns some syntactic structure which linguists then check and, if necessary, correct. In practice, fully checking and completing the parsing of natural language corpora is a labour-intensive ...
A parse tree or parsing tree [1] (also known as a derivation tree or concrete syntax tree) is an ordered, rooted tree that represents the syntactic structure of a string according to some context-free grammar. The term parse tree itself is used primarily in computational linguistics; in theoretical syntax, the term syntax tree is more common.
A modular view of sentence processing assumes that each factor involved in sentence processing is computed in its own module, which has limited means of communication with the other modules. For example, syntactic analysis creation takes place without input from semantic analysis or context-dependent information, which are processed separately.
Head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG) is a highly lexicalized, constraint-based grammar [1] [2] developed by Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is a type of phrase structure grammar , as opposed to a dependency grammar , and it is the immediate successor to generalized phrase structure grammar .
One can tell if a sentence is center embedded or edge embedded depending on where the brackets are located in the sentence. [Joe believes [Mary thinks [John is handsome.]]] The cat [that the dog [that the man hit] chased] meowed. In sentence (1), all of the brackets are located on the right, so this sentence is right-embedded.
Spanish, for example, while overwhelmingly right-branching, puts numeral modifiers before nouns and, in certain cases, objects before verbs. Languages like English or Swedish, though regarded as being right-branching because the main verbs precede direct objects, place adjectives and numerals before their nouns.