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Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability (in the United Kingdom), [3] and formerly mental retardation (in the United States), [4] [5] [6] is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning that is first apparent during childhood.
Larry P. v. Riles is a California court case in which the court held that IQ tests could not be used to place African-American students in special education classes.. Five African-American children had been placed in special classes for the "educable mentally retarded", based on low IQ test scores.
In those days children with Down Syndrome were placed in educational programs for "trainable" mentally retarded children rather than "educable" children. For most of those children that meant attending school in segregated centers hidden away from the non-disabled student population.
G V School, located in Chidambaram (Tamil Nadu, India) is a charitable institution offering free education and vocational skills training for children with disabilities. The school has two divisions supporting intellectually disabled and hearing impaired children. The divisions are named after Mr. G. Vagheesam Pillai and Mrs. R N Suseela Ammal.
A. D. S. N. Prasad is the founder of Pathway Centers for Children, a non-profit and non governmental organization located in Chennai and other rural parts of Tamil Nadu, India, that is dedicated to the welfare of children with mental handicap and those who are destitute or otherwise disadvantaged.
Of particular concern is the over-representation of minority children in particular categories of disability such as "mental retardation" and emotional disturbance. [ citation needed ] The educational landscape has changed a great deal since the passage of the individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA, 2004).
The bill changed references in federal law; the term mental retardation was replaced by mental disability. Additionally, the phrase "mentally retarded individual" was replaced with "an individual with an intellectual disability". [14] Rosa's Law was named after Rosa Marcellino, a nine-year-old girl with Down syndrome.
Autism spectrum disorder [a] (ASD), or simply autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder "characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts" and "restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities". [11]