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The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis says that for an arbitrary initial state, the expectation value of ^ will ultimately evolve in time to its value predicted by a microcanonical ensemble, and thereafter will exhibit only small fluctuations around that value, provided that the following two conditions are met: [4]
In physics, thermalisation (or thermalization) is the process of physical bodies reaching thermal equilibrium through mutual interaction. In general, the natural tendency of a system is towards a state of equipartition of energy and uniform temperature that maximizes the system's entropy .
Textbook quantum statistical mechanics [2] assumes that systems go to thermal equilibrium (thermalization). The process of thermalization erases local memory of the initial conditions. In textbooks, thermalization is ensured by coupling the system to an external environment or "reservoir," with which the system can exchange energy.
Pictet's experiment: Marc-Auguste Pictet: Demonstration Thermal radiation: 1797 Cavendish experiment: Henry Cavendish: Measurement Gravitational constant: 1799 Voltaic pile: Alessandro Volta: Demonstration First electric battery: 1803 Young's interference experiment: Thomas Young: Confirmation Wave theory of light: 1819 Arago spot experiment ...
The thermal time hypothesis is a possible solution to the problem of time in classical and quantum theory as has been put forward by Carlo Rovelli and Alain Connes. Physical time flow is modeled as a fundamental property of the theory, a macroscopic feature of thermodynamical origin. [31] [32]
In physics, the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou (FPUT) problem or formerly the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam problem was the apparent paradox in chaos theory that many complicated enough physical systems exhibited almost exactly periodic behavior – called Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou recurrence (or Fermi–Pasta–Ulam recurrence) – instead of the expected ergodic behavior.
For example, beads on a string [10] [11] as well as plates submerged in turbulent water [12] or gas [13] illustrate the Casimir force. In modern theoretical physics , the Casimir effect plays an important role in the chiral bag model of the nucleon ; in applied physics it is significant in some aspects of emerging microtechnologies and ...
The T-V diagram of the rubber band experiment. The decrease in the temperature of the rubber band in a spontaneous process at ambient temperature can be explained using the Helmholtz free energy = where dF is the change in free energy, dL is the change in length, τ is the tension, dT is the change in temperature and S is the entropy.