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The meristems, where plant cell division occurs, are the usual sites of galls, though insect galls can be found on other parts of the plant, such as the leaves, stalks, branches, buds, roots, and even flowers and fruits. Gall-inducing insects are usually species-specific and sometimes tissue-specific on the plants they gall.
Anguina tritici was the first plant parasitic nematode to be described in the literature in 1743. It causes a disease in wheat and rye called "ear-cockle" or seed gall. . Originally found in many parts of the world but has been eradicated from the western he
Galls induced by insects can be viewed as an extended phenotype of the inducing insect, and gall-inducing insects specialize on their host plants, often to a greater extent than insects that feed on the same plant without creating galls. [2] The gall's form or type depends on what organism is attacking the plant and where the plant is being ...
The gall is a stalked, club-like smooth pouch (7−15 mm high) on the leaves of elm trees. Feeding inside the gall is a nymph and some wax. Partly formed galls are pale yellow patches with irregular lumpy projections on the top surface of the leaf. On the underside of the leaf, young galls may have a hairy opening. [6]
The host plants, and the size and shape of the galls are specific to the majority of gall wasps, with about 70% of the known species parasitizing various types of oak, inducing oak galls. Galls can be found on nearly all parts of such trees, including the leaves, buds, branches, and roots.
The diameter of the gall at its base is 1.5–3 mm (0.06–0.12 in). [36] [31] They are narrow and conical, and sometimes have a slight curve at the tip. [16] The galls each contain a single chamber, [31] which is smooth inside. [24] Common names for the gall include the grape-leaf trumpet-gall, [35] the conical grape gall, [24] and the grape ...
These galls are often massed together in clumps that can cover the underside of leaves. Individual galls are 12–14 mm high, 7 mm across, and have a single chamber for larvae. The lower chamber is where larvae develop out of two chambers in the gall. [7] The body of a gall can end with an extended neck when they are of considerable size. [7]
Andricus foecundatrix (formerly Andricus fecundator) is a parthenogenetic gall wasp which lays a single egg within a leaf bud, using its ovipositor, to produce a gall known as an oak artichoke gall, oak hop gall, larch-cone gall or hop strobile [1] [2] The gall develops as a chemically induced distortion of leaf axillary or terminal buds on pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) or sessile oak ...